Brisbane (pronounced /ˈbrɪzbən/^[6]) is the capital There are eight capital cities in Australia, all of which function at a sub-national level. Canberra also serves as the national capital. Melbourne was the national capital from the Federation of Australia in 1901 until 1927, when the seat of national government was moved to the newly created city of Canberra and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland Coordinates: 23°0′S 143°0′E / 23°S 143°E Queensland is a state of Australia that occupies the north-eastern section of the mainland continent. It is bordered by the Northern Territory to the west, South Australia to the south-west and New South Wales to the south. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean and the third most populous city Statistical Divisions are defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics as areas under the unifying influence of one or more major towns or cities. Each capital city forms its own Statistical Division, and in Australia the population of the SD is the most-often quoted figure for that city's population. Statistical Districts are defined as non- in Australia For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of the roughly 250 language groups. After sporadic visits by fishermen from the immediate north and discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by the British.^[7] Brisbane's metropolitan area has an approximate population of 2 million^[7]. A resident of Brisbane is commonly known as A demonym, also referred to as a gentilic, is a name for a resident of a locality and is derived from the name of the particular locality. The word demonym comes from the Greek word for "populace" with the suffix for "name" (-nym). In English, the demonym is often the same as the name of the people's native language: the people a "Brisbanite"^[8].

The Brisbane central business district stands on the original settlement and is situated a bend of the Brisbane River The Brisbane River is the longest river in south east Queensland, Australia, and flows through the city of Brisbane, before emptying into Moreton Bay. The river is dammed by the Wivenhoe Dam, forming Lake Wivenhoe, the main water supply for Brisbane. The river was named after the Governor of New South Wales, Thomas Brisbane, by the explorer John approximately 23 kilometres from its mouth at Moreton Bay Moreton Bay is a large bay on the eastern coast of Australia 19 km from Brisbane, Queensland. It is one of Queensland's most important coastal resources. The waters of Moreton Bay are a popular destination for recreational anglers and are used by commercial operators who provide seafood to market. The metropolitan area extends in all directions along the floodplain A floodplain, or flood plain, is flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a stream or river that experiences occasional or periodic flooding. It includes the floodway, which consists of the stream channel and adjacent areas that carry flood flows, and the flood fringe, which are areas covered by the flood, but which do not experience a strong current of the Brisbane River valley between the bay and the Great Dividing Range The Great Dividing Range, or the Eastern Highlands, is Australia's most substantial mountain range and the fourth longest in the world. The range stretches more than 3,500 km from Dauan Island off the northeastern tip of Queensland, running the entire length of the eastern coastline through New South Wales, then into Victoria and turning west,. While the city is governed by several municipalities, they are centred around the Brisbane City Council which has jurisdiction over the largest area and population in metropolitan Brisbane and is also Australia's largest Local Government Area A Local Government Area is an administrative division of a country that a local government is responsible for. The size of an LGA varies by country but it is generally a subdivision of a state, province, division, or territory by population.

Brisbane is named after the river on which it sits which, in turn, was named after Sir Thomas Brisbane Major-General Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane, 1st Baronet, GCH, GCB FRS, FRSE was a British soldier, colonial Governor and astronomer, the Governor of New South Wales Aside from the Body Politic of the Crown , the office of Governor of New South Wales is the oldest constitutional office in Australia. Captain Arthur Phillip assumed office as Governor of New South Wales on 7 February 1788, when the Colony of New South Wales, the first British settlement in Australia, was formally founded. The early colonial from 1821 to 1825. The first European settlement in Queensland was a penal colony A penal colony is a settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general populace by locating them in a remote location, often an island or distant colonial territory. Although the term can be used to refer to a correctional facility located in a remote location it is more commonly used to refer to communities of prisoners at Redcliffe, 28 kilometres (17 mi) north of the Brisbane central business district, in 1824. That settlement was soon abandoned and moved to North Quay in 1825. Free settlers Immigration is the introduction of new people into a habitat or population. It is a biological concept and is important in population ecology, differentiated from emigration and migration were permitted from 1842. Brisbane was chosen as the capital when Queensland was proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales New South Wales , Australia's most populous state, is located in the south-east of the country, north of Victoria, south of Queensland, east of South Australia and encompasses the whole of the Australian Capital Territory. It was founded in 1788 and originally comprised much of the Australian mainland, as well as Van Diemen's Land, Lord Howe in 1859.

The city played a central role in the Allied The Allies of World War II were the countries that opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War . The Allies became involved in World War II either because they had already been invaded or were directly threatened with invasion by the Axis or because they were concerned that the Axis powers would come to control the world. The anti-German campaign during World War II Albania · Australia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belarus · Belgium · Brazil · Bulgaria · Burma · Cambodia · Canada · Ceylon (Sri Lanka) · Channel Islands · China · Czechoslovakia · Denmark · Dutch East Indies · Egypt · Estonia · Finland · France · Germany · Gibraltar · Greece · Greenland · Hong Kong · Hungary · Iceland · as the South West Pacific headquarters The South West Pacific was one of two theatres of World War II in the Pacific region, between 1942 and 1945. The South West Pacific theatre included the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies , Borneo, Australia, the Australian Territory of New Guinea (including the Bismarck Archipelago), the western part of the Solomon Islands and some neighbouring for General Douglas MacArthur General of the Army Douglas MacArthur was an American general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army. He was a Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He was a highly decorated soldier of the war, receiving the Medal of Honor for his early service in the. Brisbane has hosted many large cultural and sporting events including the 1982 Commonwealth Games The 1982 Commonwealth Games were held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia from 30 September—9 October 1982. The Opening Ceremony was held at the QEII Stadium , in the Brisbane suburb of Nathan. The QEII Stadium was also the venue which was used for the athletics and archery competitions during the Games. Other events were held at the purpose-, World Expo '88 and the final Goodwill Games The Goodwill Games were an international sports competition, created by Ted Turner in reaction to the political troubles surrounding the Olympic Games of the 1980s. In 1979, the invasion of Afghanistan caused the United States and other Western countries to boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, an act reciprocated when the Soviet and other in 2001. In 2008, Brisbane was classified as a gamma world city+ A global city is a city deemed to be an important node point in the global economic system. The concept comes from geography and urban studies and rests on the idea that globalization can be understood as largely created, facilitated and enacted in strategic geographic locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global in the World Cities Study Group’s inventory by Loughborough University Loughborough University is a campus university located in the market town of Loughborough, Leicestershire, in the East Midlands of England.^[9] It was also rated the 16th most liveable city in the world in 2009 by The Economist The Economist is an English-language weekly news and international affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd. and edited in offices in the City of Westminster, London. Continuous publication began under founder James Wilson in September 1843. While The Economist calls itself a "newspaper", each issue appears on glossy.

Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Urban Structure 2.2 Climate 3 Governance 4 Economy 4.1 Port of Brisbane 4.2 Retail 5 Demographics 6 Education 7 Culture 7.1 Arts and entertainment 7.2 Annual events 7.3 Tourism and recreation 7.4 Sport 7.5 Media 7.6 Bris Vegas 8 Infrastructure 8.1 Health 8.2 Transport 8.3 Utilities 9 Sister cities 10 See also 11 References 12 External links

History

Main article: History of Brisbane The Old Windmill in Wickham Park in Brisbane. Built by convicts in 1824, it is one of Brisbane's most significant and oldest heritage landmarks.

Prior to European settlement, the Brisbane area was inhabited by the Turrbal and Jagerapeople,^[10] whose ancestors migrated to the region from across the Torres Strait The Torres Strait is a body of water which lies between Australia and the Melanesian island of New Guinea. It is approximately 150 km wide at its narrowest extent. To the south is Cape York Peninsula, the northernmost continental extremity of the Australian state of Queensland. To the north is the Western Province of the independent state of Papua. They knew the area as Mian-jin, meaning "place shaped as a spike".^{[citation needed]}

The Moreton Bay Moreton Bay is a large bay on the eastern coast of Australia 19 km from Brisbane, Queensland. It is one of Queensland's most important coastal resources. The waters of Moreton Bay are a popular destination for recreational anglers and are used by commercial operators who provide seafood to market area was initially explored by Matthew Flinders Captain Matthew Flinders RN was one of the most successful navigators and cartographers of his age. In a career that spanned just over twenty years, he sailed with Captain William Bligh, circumnavigated Australia and encouraged the use of that name for the continent, which had previously been known as New Holland. He survived shipwreck and. On 17 July 1799, Flinders landed at what is now known as Woody Point, which he named "Red Cliff Point", after the red-coloured cliffs In geography and geology, a cliff is a significant vertical, or near vertical, rock exposure. Cliffs are formed as erosion landforms due to the processes of erosion and weathering that produce them. Cliffs are common on coasts, in mountainous areas, escarpments and along rivers. Cliffs are usually formed by rock that is resistant to erosion and visible from the bay.^[11] In 1823, Governor of New South Wales The Governor of New South Wales is the representative in the Australian state of New South Wales of Australia's monarch, Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the national level, Thomas Brisbane Major-General Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane, 1st Baronet, GCH, GCB FRS, FRSE was a British soldier, colonial Governor and astronomer, instructed that a new northern penal settlement During the late 18th and 19th centuries, large numbers of convicts were transported to the various Australian penal colonies by the British government. One of the primary reasons for the British settlement of Australia was the establishment of a penal colony to alleviate pressure on their overburdened correctional facilities. Over the 80 years be developed, and an exploration party led by John Oxley John Joseph William Molesworth Oxley was an explorer and surveyor of Australia in the early period of English colonisation further explored Moreton Bay. Oxley discovered, named and explored the Brisbane River The Brisbane River is the longest river in south east Queensland, Australia, and flows through the city of Brisbane, before emptying into Moreton Bay. The river is dammed by the Wivenhoe Dam, forming Lake Wivenhoe, the main water supply for Brisbane. The river was named after the Governor of New South Wales, Thomas Brisbane, by the explorer John as far as Goodna, 20 kilometres (12 mi) upstream from the Brisbane central business district.^[12] Oxley recommended Red Cliff Point for the new colony, reporting that ships could land at any tide and easily get close to the shore.^[13]

The party settled in Redcliffe on 13 September 1824, under the command of Lieutenant Henry Miller with 14 soldiers—some with wives and children—and 29 convicts. However, this settlement was abandoned after a year, and the colony was moved to a site on the Brisbane River now known as North Quay, 28 kilometres (17 mi) south, that offered a more reliable water supply. Chief Justice Forbes gave the new settlement the name of Edenglassie before it was named Brisbane.^[14]

Non-convict European settlement of the Brisbane region commenced in 1838.^[15] German missionaries settled at Zions Hill, Nundah, as early as 1837, five years before Brisbane was officially declared a free settlement. The band consisted of two ministers, Christopher Eipper (1813–1894) and Carl Wilhelm Schmidt, and lay missionaries Haussmann, Johann Gottried Wagner, Niquet, Hartenstein, Zillman, Franz, Rode, Doege and Schneider.^[16] They were allocated 260 hectares and set about establishing the mission, which became known as German Station.^[17]

Queensland's first Government House was completed in 1862 and is located within the grounds of the Queensland University of Technology Queensland University of Technology is located in Brisbane, Queensland, and is one of Australia's largest universities near the City Botanic Gardens

Free settlers entered the area over the following five years and by the end of 1840 Robert Dixon began work on the first plan of Brisbane Town in anticipation of future development.^[18] Queensland was proclaimed a separate colony on 6 June 1859,^[19] with Brisbane chosen as its capital, although it was not incorporated as a city until 1902. Over twenty small municipalities and shires were amalgamated in 1925, to form the City of Brisbane which is governed by the Brisbane City Council.^[20][21]

ANZAC Square and the Shrine of Remembrance, Brisbane (c1930)

1930 was a significant year for Brisbane, with the construction of landmarks that helped define the character of the city. The Story Bridge and Brisbane City Hall, then the city's tallest buildings, were both completed. Additionally, the Shrine of Remembrance, in ANZAC Square, became Brisbane's main war memorial For most of human history war memorials were erected to commemorate great victories. Remembering the dead was a secondary concern. Indeed in Napoleon's day the dead were shoveled into mass, unmarked graves. The Arc de Triomphe in Paris or Nelson's Column in London contain no names of those killed. By the end of the nineteenth century it was common.^[22]

American Fleet Marching Down Queen Street, March 1941

During World War II Albania · Australia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belarus · Belgium · Brazil · Bulgaria · Burma · Cambodia · Canada · Ceylon (Sri Lanka) · Channel Islands · China · Czechoslovakia · Denmark · Dutch East Indies · Egypt · Estonia · Finland · France · Germany · Gibraltar · Greece · Greenland · Hong Kong · Hungary · Iceland ·, Brisbane became central to the Allied The Allies of World War II were the countries that opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War . The Allies became involved in World War II either because they had already been invaded or were directly threatened with invasion by the Axis or because they were concerned that the Axis powers would come to control the world. The anti-German campaign when the AMP Building (now called MacArthur Central) was used as the South West Pacific headquarters The South West Pacific was one of two theatres of World War II in the Pacific region, between 1942 and 1945. The South West Pacific theatre included the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies , Borneo, Australia, the Australian Territory of New Guinea (including the Bismarck Archipelago), the western part of the Solomon Islands and some neighbouring for General Douglas MacArthur General of the Army Douglas MacArthur was an American general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army. He was a Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He was a highly decorated soldier of the war, receiving the Medal of Honor for his early service in the, chief of the Allied Pacific forces. MacArthur had previously rejected use of the University of Queensland complex as his headquarters, as the distinctive bends in the river at St Lucia could have aided enemy bombers. Also used as a headquarters by the American troops during World War II was the T & G Building.^[23] Approximately 1,000,000 US troops passed through Australia during the war, as the primary coordination point for the South West Pacific The South West Pacific was one of two theatres of World War II in the Pacific region, between 1942 and 1945. The South West Pacific theatre included the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies , Borneo, Australia, the Australian Territory of New Guinea (including the Bismarck Archipelago), the western part of the Solomon Islands and some neighbouring.^[24] In 1942 Brisbane was the site of a violent clash between visiting US military personnel and Australian servicemen and civilians which resulted in one death and several injuries. This incident became known colloquially as the Battle of Brisbane.^[25]

World Expo 88 as seen from the Brisbane River The Brisbane River is the longest river in south east Queensland, Australia, and flows through the city of Brisbane, before emptying into Moreton Bay. The river is dammed by the Wivenhoe Dam, forming Lake Wivenhoe, the main water supply for Brisbane. The river was named after the Governor of New South Wales, Thomas Brisbane, by the explorer John.

Postwar Brisbane had developed a "big country town" stigma, an image the city's politicians and marketers were very keen to remove.^[26][27] Despite steady growth, Brisbane's development was punctuated by infrastructure problems. The State government under Joh Bjelke-Petersen began a major program of change and urban renewal Urban renewal is a program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land use. Renewal has had both successes and failures. Its modern incarnation began in the late 19th century in developed nations and experienced an intense phase in the late 1940s – under the rubric of reconstruction. The process has had a major impact, beginning with the Central Business District (CBD) and inner suburbs. Trams in Brisbane were a popular mode of public transport, and the city became the last Australian city to completely close its tram network in 1969. The 1974 Brisbane flood was a major disaster which temporarily crippled the city. During this era, Brisbane grew and modernised rapidly becoming a destination of interstate migration. Some of Brisbane's popular landmarks were lost, including the Bellevue Hotel in 1977 and Cloudland in 1982, demolished in controversial circumstances by the Deen Brothers demolition crew. Major public works included the Riverside Expressway, the Gateway Bridge, and later, the redevelopment of South Bank, starting with the Queensland Art Gallery.

Brisbane hosted the 1982 Commonwealth Games The 1982 Commonwealth Games were held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia from 30 September—9 October 1982. The Opening Ceremony was held at the QEII Stadium , in the Brisbane suburb of Nathan. The QEII Stadium was also the venue which was used for the athletics and archery competitions during the Games. Other events were held at the purpose- and the 1988 World Exposition (known locally as World Expo 88). These events were accompanied by a scale of public expenditure, construction and development not previously seen in the state of Queensland.^[28][29]

Brisbane's population growth has exceeded the national average every year since 1990 at an average rate of around 2.2% per year.

Geography

Satellite Image of Brisbane Metropolitan Area from the International Space Station The International Space Station is an internationally developed research facility that is being assembled in low Earth orbit. On-orbit construction of the station began in 1998 and is scheduled for completion by late 2011. The station is expected to remain in operation until at least 2015, and likely 2020. With a greater mass than that of any.

Brisbane is in the southeast corner of Queensland, Australia. The city is centred along the Brisbane River, and its eastern suburbs line the shores of Moreton Bay. The greater Brisbane region is on the coastal plain east of the Great Dividing Range The Great Dividing Range, or the Eastern Highlands, is Australia's most substantial mountain range and the fourth longest in the world. The range stretches more than 3,500 km from Dauan Island off the northeastern tip of Queensland, running the entire length of the eastern coastline through New South Wales, then into Victoria and turning west,. Brisbane's metropolitan area sprawls along the Moreton Bay floodplain from Caboolture in the north to Beenleigh in the south, and across to Ipswich Ipswich (pronounced /ˈɪpswɪtʃ/ ) (previously Gippeswick in variant spellings) is a non-metropolitan district and the county town of Suffolk, England. It is located on the estuary of the River Orwell. Nearby towns are Felixstowe in Suffolk and Harwich and Colchester in Essex in the south west.

The city of Brisbane is hilly.^[30] The urban area, including the central business district, are partially elevated by spurs of the Herbert Taylor Range, such as the summit of Mount Coot-tha, reaching up to 300 metres (980 ft) and the smaller Enoggera Hill. Other prominent rises in Brisbane are Mount Gravatt and nearby Toohey Mountain. Mount Petrie at 170 metres (560 ft) and the lower rises of Highgate Hill, Mount Ommaney, Stephens Mountain and Whites Hill are dotted across the city.

The city is on a low-lying floodplain A floodplain, or flood plain, is flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a stream or river that experiences occasional or periodic flooding. It includes the floodway, which consists of the stream channel and adjacent areas that carry flood flows, and the flood fringe, which are areas covered by the flood, but which do not experience a strong current.^{[citation needed]} Many suburban creeks criss-cross the city, increasing the risk of flooding A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land. The EU Floods directive defines a flood as a temporary covering by water of land not normally covered by water. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water,. The city has suffered two major floods since colonisation, in 1893 and 1974. The 1974 Brisbane flood occurred partly as a result of "Cyclone Wanda". Heavy rain had fallen continuously for three weeks before the Australia Day Australia Day is the official national day of Australia. Celebrated annually on 26 January, the day commemorates the arrival of the First Fleet at Sydney Cove in 1788, the hoisting of the British flag there, and the proclamation of British sovereignty over the eastern seaboard of Australia weekend flood (26 – 27 January 1974).^[31] The flood damaged many parts of the city, especially the suburbs of Oxley, Bulimba, Rocklea, Coorparoo, Toowong and New Farm New Farm is an inner suburb of Brisbane, Australia, located 2 km east of the Brisbane CBD on a large bend of the Brisbane River. New Farm is partly surrounded by the Brisbane River, with land access from the north west through Fortitude Valley and from the north through Newstead. The City Botanic gardens were inundated, leading to a new colony of mangroves forming in the City Reach of the Brisbane River.^[32]

Urban Structure

Brisbane central business district, with the Brisbane City Botanical Gardens on the left Brisbane from Hamilton in 2009

The Brisbane central business district (CBD) lies in a curve of the Brisbane river. The CBD covers only 2.2 km² (0.8 sq mi) and is walkable.

Central streets are named after members of the royal family. Queen Street is Brisbane's traditional main street. Streets named after female members (Adelaide, Alice, Ann, Charlotte, Elizabeth, Margaret, Mary) run parallel to Queen Street and Queen Street Mall (named in honour of Queen Victoria) and perpendicular to streets named after male members (Albert, Edward, George, William).

The city has retained some heritage buildings dating back to 1820s. The Old Windmill, in Wickham Park, built by convict labour in 1824,^[33][34] is the oldest surviving building in Brisbane. The Old Windmill was originally used for the grinding of grain and a punishment for the convicts who manually operated the grinding mill. The Old Windmill tower’s other significant claim to fame, largely ignored, is that the first television signals in the southern hemisphere were transmitted from it by experimenters in April 1934 — long before TV commenced in most places. These experimental TV broadcasts continued until World War II.^[33]

The Old Commissariat Store, on William Street, built by convict labour in 1828, was originally used partly as a grainhouse, has also been a hostel for immigrants and used for the storage of records. Built with Brisbane tuff from the nearby Kangaroo Point Cliffs and sandstone from a quarry near today's Albion Park Racecourse, it is now the home of the Royal Historical Society of Brisbane. It contains a museum and can also be hired for small functions.^[35][36][37]

The city has a density of 379.4 people per square kilometre, which is high for an Australian city and comparable to that of Sydney. However like many western cities, Brisbane sprawls into the greater metropolitan area. The lower population density reflects the fact that most of Brisbane's housing stock consists of detached houses.

View of Western Side of CBD from William Jolly Bridge

Early legislation decreed a minimum size for residential blocks resulting in few terrace houses being constructed in Brisbane. Recently the density of the city and inner city neighbourhoods has increased with the construction of apartments, with the result that the population of the central business district has doubled over the last 5 years^[38] and closing the gap on Sydney and Melbourne.^[39]

The high density housing that existed came in the form of miniature Queenslander-style houses which resemble the much larger traditional styles but are sometimes only one quarter the size. These miniature Queenslanders are becoming scarce but can still be seen in the inner city suburbs.

Multi residence accommodations (such as apartment blocks) are relatively new to Brisbane, with few such blocks built before 1970, other than in inner suburbs such as New Farm. Pre-1950 housing was often built in a distinctive architectural style known as a Queenslander, featuring timber construction with large verandahs and high ceilings. The relatively low cost of timber in South-East Queensland meant that until recently most residences were constructed of timber, rather than brick or stone. Many of these houses are elevated on stumps (also called "stilts"), that were originally timber, but are now frequently replaced by steel or concrete.

Currently, Brisbane has two buildings greater than 200 metres in height. The tallest is a residential tower, Aurora Tower and the second is a mixed use tower Riparian Plaza. There is also a further four buildings over 200 metres which are either under construction or have had construction put on hold.

Walter Taylor Bridge (road) (left), Albert Bridge (rail) (centre), unamed bridge (rail) (right), Jack Pesch Bridge (far right) Eleanor Schonell Bridge (Green Bridge) (pedestrians, pedal cycles, buses) Merivale Bridge (rail) William Jolly Bridge (road) Victoria Bridge Captain Cook Bridge Story Bridge Pacific Motorway Suncorp Stadium (Lang Park) (Rugby league/Rugby Union/Soccer ground) Norman Creek (Anglican Church Grammar School) Oxley Creek Brisbane River Indooroopilly Shoppingtown "The Gabba" (Brisbane Cricket Ground) South Bank arts and recreation precinct Central business district University of Queensland (UQ) St Lucia Campus City Botanic Gardens Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Gardens Point Campus Goodwill Bridge (pedestrians and pedal cycles) The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital and the Royal Children's Hospital Mater Private Hospital Roma Street Rail Station Roma Street Parkland New Farm Park and Powerhouse Victoria Park Golf Course Brisbane Exhibition Ground Floating pedestrian concourse Inner City Bypass (rail) (left) (road) (right) Indooroopilly Golf Course (Long Pocket)

Climate

Brisbane has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot, humid summers and dry, mild winters.^[40] From November through March, thunderstorms are common over Brisbane, with the more severe events accompanied by large damaging hail stones, torrential rain and destructive winds.

The city's highest recorded temperature was 43.2 °C (110 °F) on 26 January 1940. On 19 July 2007, Brisbane's temperature fell below the freezing point for the first time since records began, registering −0.1 °C (31.8 °F) at the airport.^[41]

Brisbane's wettest day was 21 January 1887, when 465 millimetres (18.3 in) of rain fell on the city, the highest maximum daily rainfall of Australia's capital cities.

From 2006 until 2010, Brisbane and surrounding temperate areas had been experiencing the most severe drought in over a century, with dam levels dropping below one quarter of their capacity. Residents were mandated by local laws to observe level 6 water restrictions on gardening and other outdoor water usage. Per capita water usage is below 140 litres per day, giving Brisbane one of the lowest per capita usages of water of any Western city in the world.^[42] A reversal of fortune in early 2010 has seen Brisbane's water storage climb to over 98% of maximum capacity.

Dust storms in Brisbane are extremely rare; on 23 September 2009, however, a severe dust storm blanketed Brisbane, as well as other parts of eastern Australia.^[43][44]

Climate data for Brisbane
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	43.2 (109.8)	40.2 (104.4)	34.2 (93.6)	32.2 (90)	30.6 (87.1)	27.9 (82.2)	27.6 (81.7)	35.4 (95.7)	33.4 (92.1)	36.7 (98.1)	37.9 (100.2)	36.5 (97.7)	43.2 (109.8)
Average high °C (°F)	29.1 (84.4)	28.9 (84)	28.1 (82.6)	26.3 (79.3)	23.5 (74.3)	21.2 (70.2)	20.6 (69.1)	21.7 (71.1)	23.8 (74.8)	25.6 (78.1)	27.3 (81.1)	28.6 (83.5)	25.4 (77.7)
Average low °C (°F)	20.9 (69.6)	20.8 (69.4)	19.5 (67.1)	16.9 (62.4)	13.8 (56.8)	10.9 (51.6)	9.5 (49.1)	10.0 (50)	12.5 (54.5)	15.6 (60.1)	18.0 (64.4)	19.8 (67.6)	15.7 (60.3)
Record low °C (°F)	16.0 (60.8)	14.6 (58.3)	10.6 (51.1)	5.6 (42.1)	3.0 (37.4)	2.5 (36.5)	-0.1 (31.8)	1.9 (35.4)	3.7 (38.7)	8.3 (46.9)	8.3 (46.9)	14.4 (57.9)	-0.1 (31.8)
Precipitation mm (inches)	113.0 (4.449)	121.6 (4.787)	76.1 (2.996)	63.5 (2.5)	122.8 (4.835)	70.6 (2.78)	27.1 (1.067)	37.5 (1.476)	34.2 (1.346)	65.3 (2.571)	106.8 (4.205)	114.2 (4.496)	941.6 (37.071)
Avg. precipitation days	12.5	11.8	11.3	10.6	10.1	8.7	6.3	5.5	6.1	8.2	11.6	10.8	113.5
Source: [45][46]

Governance

Brisbane City Hall houses the Museum of Brisbane and offices of the Brisbane City Council. Main articles: Brisbane City Council and Government of Queensland

Unlike other Australian capital cities, a large portion of the greater metropolitan area of Brisbane is controlled by a single local government entity, the Brisbane City Council, inside the City of Brisbane LGA. Since the creation of the Brisbane City Council in 1925 the urban areas of Brisbane have expanded considerably past the City Council boundaries^[47]. Prior to that, a far smaller area (comprising the inner suburbs of Brisbane today) was controlled by the Brisbane Municipal Council.

Brisbane City Council is the largest local government body (in terms of population and budget) in Australia. The Council, formed by the merger of twenty smaller councils in 1925, has jurisdiction over an area of 1,367 km² (528 sq mi). The Council's annual budget is approximately $1.6 billion, and it has an asset base of $13 billion.^[48]

The remainder of the metropolitan area falls into the LGAs of Logan City to the south, Moreton Bay Region in the northern suburbs, the City of Ipswich to the south west, Redland City to the south east on the bayside, with a small strip in on the far east of the Scenic Rim Region.

Economy

Brisbane City Skyline viewed from the Riverside Walkway

Brisbane has the largest economy of any city between Sydney and Singapore, and has seen consistent economic growth in recent years as a result of the resources boom. White-collar industries include information technology, financial services, higher education and public sector administration generally concentrated in and around the central business district and recently established office areas in the inner suburbs.

Blue-collar industries, including petroleum refining, stevedoring, paper milling, metalworking and QR railway workshops, tend to be located on the lower reaches of the Brisbane River and in new industrial zones on the urban fringe. Tourism is an important part of the Brisbane economy, both in its own right and as a gateway to other areas of Queensland.^[49]

Since the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Queensland State Government has been developing technology and science industries in Queensland as a whole, and Brisbane in particular, as part of its "Smart State" initiative.^[50] The government has invested in several biotechnology and research facilities at several universities in Brisbane. The Institute for Molecular Bioscience at the University of Queensland (UQ) Saint Lucia Campus is a large CSIRO and Queensland state government initiative for research and innovation that is currently being emulated at the Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Campus at Kelvin Grove with the establishment of the Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI).^[51]

Virgin Blue head office in Bowen Hills

Brisbane is one of the major business hubs in Australia.^[52] Most major Australian companies, as well as numerous international companies, have contact offices in Brisbane, while numerous electronics businesses have distribution hubs in and around the city. DHL Global's Oceanic distribution warehouse is located in Brisbane, as is Asia Pacific Aerospace's headquarters. Home grown major companies include Suncorp-Metway Limited, Flight Centre, Sunsuper, Orrcon, Credit Union Australia, Boeing Australia, Donut King, Wotif.com, WebCentral, PIPE Networks, Krome Studios, NetBox Blue, Mincom Limited, TechnologyOne and Virgin Blue.

Brisbane has the fourth highest median household income of the Australian capital cities at $40,973.^[53]

Port of Brisbane

Port of Brisbane

The Port of Brisbane is on the lower reaches of the Brisbane River and on Fisherman's Island at the rivers mouth, and is the 3rd most important port in Australia for value of goods.^[54] Container freight, sugar, grain, coal and bulk liquids are the major exports. Most of the port facilities are less than three decades old and some are built on reclaimed mangroves and wetlands.

The Port is a part of the Australia TradeCoast, the country's fastest-growing economic development area.^[55] Geographically, Australia TradeCoast occupies a large swathe of land around the airport and port. Commercially, the area has attracted a mix of companies from throughout the Asia Pacific region.^[55]

Retail

Queen Street Mall

Brisbane has a range of retail precincts, both in the Central Business District and in surrounding suburbs. The Queen Street Mall has a vast array of cafes, restaurants, cinemas, gift shops and shopping centres including: Wintergarden, Broadway on the Mall, QueensPlaza, Brisbane Arcade, Queen Adelaide Building, Tattersalls Arcade and The Myer Centre.

The majority of retail business is done within the suburbs of Brisbane in shopping centres which include major department store chains. There are 3 major Westfield shopping centres in Brisbane located in the suburbs of Chermside (Westfield Chermside), Mount Gravatt (Westfield Garden City) and Carindale (Westfield Carindale).^[56]

Other large shopping centres exist at Indooroopilly (Indooroopilly Shopping Centre), Toombul (Centro Toombul) and Mitchelton (Brookside Shopping Centre). Other major shopping centres through-out the metropolitan area include North Lakes (Westfield North Lakes), Strathpine (Westfield Strathpine) and Loganholme (Logan Hyperdome).

Demographics

Chinatown, Brisbane.

Significant overseas born populations[57][dubious – discuss]
Country of birth	Population (2006)
United Kingdom	95,315
New Zealand	73,128
South Africa	12,824
Vietnam	11,857
People's Republic of China	11,418
Philippines	9,871
Germany	8,645
India	7,544
Netherlands	7,014
Fiji	6,791
Papua New Guinea	6,706
Italy	6,704
Malaysia	6,686
United States	6,057
Hong Kong	6,036
South Korea	4,841

Brisbane population by year
1859	6,000
1942	750,000
2010	2,000,000[58]
2026	2,908,000[58]	Projected
2056	4,955,100[58]	Projected

The statistical division of Brisbane includes much of Brisbane's Local Government Area as well as the cities of Ipswich, Moreton Bay, Logan City and Redland City which demographically are part of a single conurbation. The 2006 census reported 1,763,131 residents within the Brisbane Statistical Division, making it the third largest city in Australia.^[59] Brisbane recorded the largest growth rate of all capital cities in the last Census, with an annual growth rate of 2.2%.^[60] The median age across the city was 35 years.^[5]

The 2006 census showed that 1.7% of Brisbane's population were of indigenous origin and 21.7% were born overseas. Of those born outside of Australia, the three main countries of birth were New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom.

Approximately 16.1% of households spoke a language other than English, with the most common languages being Mandarin 1.1%, Vietnamese 0.9%, Cantonese 0.9%, Italian 0.6% and Samoan 0.5%. Areas of significant overseas populations were in the southern region of Moorooka where those of African descent reside. Most of the Vietnamese population reside in the suburbs of Darra and Inala while those from Mainland China are often found not in one particular area but all around Brisbane. Sunnybank is where most of the majority of the Chinese population reside, comprising mainly of people from Taiwan and Hong Kong. Brisbane has the highest population of Republic of China (Taiwanese) citizens in Australia. It has been estimated that the population has grown to an estimated 35 000+, making them the highest Asian population in Brisbane. Consequently, Sunnybank and its surrounding suburbs have often been dubbed as the "Real Chinatown" and "Taiwan Town".

The inner southern suburbs were considered the most densely populated areas of Southern European descent, primarily Greek and Italian. There are also a major number of Bosnians, Croatians, Indians, Pakistanis, South Africans and Fijians in the city.

Education

See also: List of schools in Queensland The Forgan Smith Building and the Great Court, University of Queensland.

Brisbane has multi-campus universities and colleges including the University of Queensland, Queensland University of Technology and Griffith University. Other universities which have campuses in Brisbane include the Australian Catholic University, Central Queensland University, James Cook University, University of Southern Queensland and the University of the Sunshine Coast.

There are three major TAFE colleges in Brisbane; the Brisbane North Institute of TAFE, the Metropolitan South Institute of TAFE, and the Southbank Institute of TAFE.^[61] Brisbane is also home to numerous other independent tertiary education providers, including the Australian College of Natural Medicine, the Brisbane College of Theology, QANTM, as well as Jschool: Journalism Education & Training.

The majority of Brisbane's preschool, primary, and secondary schools are run under the jurisdiction of Education Queensland, a branch of the Queensland Government.^[62] There are also a large number of independent and Roman Catholic run schools.

Culture

Arts and entertainment

Main article: Arts and culture in Brisbane Main article: Popular entertainment in Brisbane

Brisbane has a growing live music scene, both popular and classical. The Queensland Performing Arts Centre (QPAC), which is located at South Bank, consists of the Lyric Theatre, a Concert Hall, Cremorne Theatre and the Playhouse Theatre. The Queensland Ballet, Opera Queensland, Queensland Theatre Company and other performance art groups stage performances in the different venues. It is also the major performing venue for The Queensland Orchestra, Brisbane's only professional symphony orchestra and Queensland's largest performing arts company. The Queensland Conservatorium, in which professional companies and Conservatorium students also stage performances, is located within the South Bank Parklands.

Brisbane is home to arguably the largest community choral scene in Australia. Numerous choirs present countless performances across the city annually. These choirs include the Brisbane Chorale, Queensland Choir, Brisbane Chamber Choir, Canticum Chamber Choir, Brisbane Concert Choir, Imogen Children's Chorale and Brisbane Birralee Voices. Due to the lack of a suitable purpose built performance venue for choral music, these choirs typically perform in the city's many churches with The Cathedral of St Stephen and St John's Cathedral perhaps presenting more choral music performances than any other venue in the city.

The Queensland Gallery of Modern Art (GOMA), opened in December 2006, is one of the latest additions to the South Bank precinct and houses some of the most well-known pieces of modern art from within and outside Australia. GOMA is the largest modern art gallery in Australia. GOMA holds the Asia Pacific Triennial (APT) which focuses on contemporary art from the Asia and Pacific in a variety of media from painting to video work. In Addition, its size enables the gallery to exhibit particularly large shows — the Andy Warhol exhibition being the largest survey of his work in Australia. GOMA also boasts Australia's largest purpose-built Cinémathèque. The Gallery of Modern Art is located next to the State Library of Queensland and the Queensland Art Gallery.

Along with Beijing, Berlin, Birmingham and Marseille, Brisbane was nominated as one of the Top 5 International Music Hotspots by Billboard in 2007. There are also popular entertainment pubs and clubs within both the City and Fortitude Valley.^[63][64]

The Brisbane Powerhouse in New Farm and the Judith Wright Centre of Contemporary Arts on Brunswick Street in Fortitude Valley also feature diverse programs featuring exhibitions and festivals of visual art, music and dance.

The La Boite Theatre Company performs at the Roundhouse Theatre at Kelvin Grove. Twelfth Night Theatre at Bowen Hills is also a professional theatre. The Powerhouse complex stages a range of productions.

There are numerous amateur theatre groups in Brisbane. The oldest is the Brisbane Arts Theatre which was founded in 1936. It has a regular adult and children's theatre and is located in Petrie Terrace.

Annual events

Fireworks over the South Bank Parklands man-made beach - a.k.a Streets Beach

Major cultural events in Brisbane include the Ekka (the Royal Queensland Show), held each August, and the Riverfestival, held each September at South Bank Parklands and surrounding areas. Warana, (meaning Blue Skies), was a former spring festival which began in 1961 and was held in September each year. Run as a celebration of Brisbane, Warana was similar to Melbourne's Moomba festival. In 1996 the annual festival was changed to a biennial Brisbane Festival.^[65]

The Brisbane International Film Festival (BIFF) is held in July/August in a variety of venues around Brisbane including the Regent Cinema in Queen Street Mall. BIFF features new films and retrospectives by domestic and international filmmakers along with seminars and awards.

The Paniyiri festival at Musgrave Park (corner of Russell and Edmondstone Streets, South Brisbane) is an annual Greek cultural festival held on the first weekend in May. The Brisbane Medieval Fayre and Tournament is held each June in Musgrave Park.

The Valley Fiesta is an annual three-day event organised by the Valley Chamber of Commerce. It was launched by Brisbane Marketing in 2002 to promote Fortitude Valley as a hub for arts and youth culture. It features free live music, market stalls, food and drink from many local restaurants and cafés, and other entertainment.

The Bridge to Brisbane fun run has become a major annual charity event for Brisbane.

Tourism and recreation

Main article: Tourism in Brisbane Sir Thomas Brisbane Planetarium on Mount Coot-tha

Tourism plays a major role in Brisbane's economy, being the third-most popular destination for international tourist after Sydney and Melbourne.^[66] Popular tourist and recreation areas in Brisbane include the South Bank Parklands, Roma Street Parkland, the City Botanic Gardens, Brisbane Forest Park and Portside Wharf. The Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary opened in 1927 and was the world's first koala sanctuary.^[67]

The suburb of Mount Coot-tha is home to a popular state forest, and the Brisbane Botanic Gardens which houses the Sir Thomas Brisbane Planetarium and the "Tsuki-yama-chisen" Japanese Garden (formerly of the Japanese Government Pavilion of Brisbane's World Expo '88).

Brisbane has over 27 km (16.8 mi) of bicycle pathways, mostly surrounding the Brisbane river and city centre, extending to the west of the city.^[68] The river itself was popular with bathers, and it permitted boating excursions to Moreton Bay when the main port was in the city reaches.^[67] Today fishing and boating are more common. Other popular recreation activities include the Story Bridge adventure climb and rock climbing at the Kangaroo Point cliffs.

Sport

Main article: Sport in Brisbane An NRL game at Suncorp Stadium Queensland Tennis Centre at Brisbane International is a professional tennis tournament

Brisbane has hosted several major sporting events including the 1982 Commonwealth Games and the 2001 Goodwill Games. The city also hosted events during the 1987 Rugby World Cup, 1992 Cricket World Cup, 2000 Sydney Olympics, the 2003 Rugby World Cup and hosted the Final of the 2008 Rugby League World Cup. In 2005, then Premier Peter Beattie announced plans for Brisbane to bid to host the 2024 Olympic Games,^[69] which in August 2008 received in principle Australian Olympic Committee support, including that of the Queensland Premier Anna Bligh and Brisbane Lord Mayor Campbell Newman.^[70]

The city's major sporting venues include Brisbane Cricket Ground, Sleeman Centre at Chandler, Suncorp Stadium, Ballymore Stadium and the stadium facilities of the Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre in Nathan. With the closure of the Milton Tennis grounds in 1994, Brisbane lacked a major tennis facility. In 2005, the State Government approved the State Tennis Centre a new A$65 million tennis stadium. The construction was completed in 2008. The Brisbane International is held here from January 2009.

Brisbane has teams in all major interstate competitions, excluding the National Basketball League.

Sport	Team Name	League	Stadium	Reference
Rugby League	Queensland	State of Origin	Suncorp Stadium	[71]
	Brisbane Broncos	National Rugby League		[72]
Rugby Union	Queensland Reds	Super 14		[73]
Association football	Brisbane Roar	A-League		[74]
Cricket	Queensland Bulls	Sheffield Shield Ford Ranger One Day Cup KFC Twenty20 Big Bash	The Gabba	[75]
Australian rules football	Brisbane Lions	Australian Football League		[76]
Netball	Queensland Firebirds	ANZ Championship	Chandler Arena	[77]

Media

The main newspapers of Brisbane are The Courier-Mail and The Sunday Mail, both owned by News Corporation. Brisbane receives the national daily, The Australian, and the Weekend Australian, together with Fairfax papers Australian Financial Review, the Sydney Morning Herald and The Age, and Fairfax website Brisbane Times. There are community and suburban newspapers throughout the metropolitan and regional areas, including Brisbane News and City News, many of which are produced by Quest Community Newspapers. mX, a free daily commuter newspaper, was launched in 2007, following the newspaper's success in Melbourne and Sydney.

Brisbane is served by all five major television networks in Australia, which broadcast from the summit of Mount Coot-tha. The three commercial stations, Seven, Nine, and Ten, are accompanied by two government networks, ABC and SBS, with all five providing digital television. 31, a community station, also broadcasts in Brisbane. Optus, Foxtel and Austar all operate PayTV services in Brisbane, via cable and satellite means.

The ABC transmits all five of its radio networks to Brisbane; 612 ABC Brisbane, ABC Classic FM, ABC NewsRadio, Radio National, and Triple J. SBS broadcasts its national radio network. Brisbane is serviced by major commercial radio stations, including 4KQ, 4BC, 4BH, 97.3 FM, B105 FM, Nova 106.9, and Triple M. Brisbane is also serviced by major community radio stations such as 96five Family FM, 4MBS Classic FM 103.7, 4EB FM and 4ZZZ 102.1.

Bris Vegas

"Bris Vegas" is a nickname given to the city. This has been attributed to an Elvis Presley tribute CD^[78] and the city's growing live music scene.^[79] It is believed to have been first used in print in a 1996 edition of The Courier-Mail,^[78] also approximately the time of the opening of the Treasury Casino in Brisbane and the popularisation of poker machines in Brisbane bars and clubs, a play on the popular gaming ground of Las Vegas. The name has also been attributed to the city's nightlife^[80], compact size of the central business district and previous lack of sophistication when compared with more populated Australian cities^[81][82] and also to Las Vegas.^[83]

Infrastructure

Health

Brisbane is covered by Queensland Health's "Northside" and "Southside" health service areas.^[84] Within the greater Brisbane area there are 8 major public hospitals, 4 major private hospitals, and smaller public and private facilities. Specialist and general medical practices are located in the CBD, and most suburbs and localities. Private hospitals in Brisbane include Greenslopes Private Hospital, Redlands Private Hospital, Mater Private Hospital, Brisbane Private, Wesley and RBH Private.

Transport

Main article: Transport in Brisbane CityCat on the Brisbane River

Brisbane has an extensive transportation network within the city, as well as connections to regional centres, interstate and to overseas destinations. The use of urban public transport is still only a small component of total passenger transport, the largest component being travel by private car.^[85]

Public transport is provided by bus, rail and ferry services. Bus services are operated by public and private operators whereas trains and ferries are operated by public agencies. The Brisbane central business district (CBD) is the central hub for all public transport services with services focusing on Queen Street Bus Station, Roma Street and Central railway stations, and various city ferries wharves. Brisbane's CityCat high speed ferry service, popular with tourists and commuters, operates services along the Brisbane River between the University of Queensland and Apollo Road.

Suburban Multiple Unit at Nambour Station

The Citytrain urban rail network consists of 10 suburban lines and covers mostly the west, north and east sides of the city. It also provides the route for an Airtrain service under joint public/private control between the City and Brisbane Airport. Since 2000, Brisbane has been developing a network of busways, including the South East Busway and the Inner Northern Busway, to provide faster bus services. "TransLink", an integrated ticketing system operates across the public transport network.

The Brisbane River has created a barrier to some road transport routes. In total there are ten road bridges, mostly concentrated in the inner city area. This has intensified the need for transport routes to focus on the inner city. There are also three railway bridges and two pedestrian bridges. The Eleanor Schonell Bridge (originally named, and still generally known as, The Green Bridge) between the University of Queensland and Dutton Park is for use by buses, pedestrians and cyclists. There are currently multiple tunnel and bridge projects underway as part of the TransApex plan.

An extensive network of pedestrian and cyclist pathways have been created along the banks of the Brisbane River to form a Riverwalk network.^[86]

Houghton Highway, the longest bridge in Australia

Brisbane is served by several freeways. The Pacific Motorway connects the central city with the Gold Coast to the south. The Ipswich Motorway connects the city with Ipswich to the west via the southern suburbs, while the Western Freeway and the Centenary Freeway provide a connection between Brisbane's inner-west and the outer south-west, connecting with the Ipswich Motorway south of the Brisbane River. The Bruce Highway is Brisbane's main route north of the city to the rest of the State. The Bruce Highway terminates 1,700 km (1,056 mi) away in Cairns and passes through most major cities along the Queensland coast. The Gateway Motorway is a private toll road which connects the Gold Coast and Sunshine Coasts by providing an alternate route via the Gateway Bridge avoiding Brisbane's inner city area. The Port of Brisbane Motorway links the Gateway to the Port of Brisbane, while Inner City Bypass and the Riverside Expressway act as the inner ring freeway system to prevent motorists from travelling through the city's congested centre.^[87]

Brisbane's population growth placed strains on South East Queensland's transport system. The State Government and Brisbane City Council have responded with infrastructure plans and increased funding for transportation projects, such as the South East Queensland Infrastructure Plan and Program. Most of the focus has been placed on expanding current road infrastructure, particularly tunnels and bypasses, as well as improving the public transport system.

International Terminal at Brisbane Airport

Brisbane Airport (IATA code: BNE) is the city's main airport, the third busiest in Australia after Sydney Airport and Melbourne Airport. It is located north-east of the city centre and provides domestic and international passenger services. In the 2008-2009 year, Brisbane Airport handled over 18.5 million passengers. The airport is serviced by the Brisbane Airtrain which provides a rail service from Brisbane's city centre to and from the airport. Archerfield Airport (in Brisbane's southern suburbs) acts as a general aviation airport.

Utilities

Water storage, treatment and delivery for Brisbane is handled by SEQ Water, which sells on to Queensland Urban Utilities (previously Brisbane Water) for distribution to the greater Brisbane area. Water for the area is stored in one of three dams; Wivenhoe, Somerset and North Pine. As of 13 May 2005, Brisbane has enforced water restrictions due to drought.^[88] This has also led to the State Government announcing that recycled sewage will be pumped into the dams once the pipeline is complete in 2009.^[89]

Electricity and gas grids in Brisbane are handled by Energex (electricity), and Origin Energy (gas), with each company previously holding a monopoly on domestic retail supply. Since 1 July 2007 Queensland regulation changes have opened up the retail energy market, allowing multiple companies to resell both gas and electricity.^[90]

Metropolitan Brisbane is serviced by all major and most minor telecommunications companies and their networks. Brisbane has the largest number of enabled DSL telephone exchanges in Queensland. An increasing number are also enabled with special hardware (DSLAMs) which enable high speed ADSL2+ internet access. The Brisbane CBD also features a complete underground fibre optics network, with numerous connections to the inner suburbs provided by various service providers.

Telstra and Optus provide both high speed internet as well as Pay TV through their cable services for the bulk of the city's metropolitan area. Both of these providers also host wireless networks with hotspots within both the inner and suburban areas. In addition, 3 Mobile, Telstra, Optus and Vodafone all operate both 2.5G, 3G and 3.5G mobile phone networks citywide.^[91]

Sister cities

Brisbane has sister city relations with the following cities:^[92]

• Hyderabad, India
• Lucknow, India
• Kobe, Japan (1985)
• Auckland, New Zealand (1988)
• Shenzhen, China (1992)
• Semarang, Indonesia (1993)
• Kaohsiung, Taiwan (1997)
• Daejon, Republic of Korea (2002)
• Chongqing, China (2005)
• Abu Dhabi, UAE (2009)
• Brisbane, California

See also

Brisbane portal

• Brisbane-related articles
• South East Queensland

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55. ^ ^{a b} "About Us". Australia TradeCoast. http://www.australiatradecoast.com.au/AboutAustraliaTradeCoast/index.aspx. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
56. ^ "History". Westfield Group. http://www.westfield.com/corporate/about/history.html. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
57. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (25 October 2007). "Community Profile Series : Brisbane (Major Statistical Region)". 2006 Census of Population and Housing. http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ProductSelect?newproducttype=Community+Profiles&collection=Census&period=2006&areacode=31&breadcrumb=LP&currentaction=201&action=401. Retrieved 27 December 2009. refer "Basic Community Profile - Brisbane" sheet B10
58. ^ ^{a b c} "Growth in Melbourne". 3218.0 - Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2007-08. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 04-23-2009. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/3218.0~2007-08~Main+Features~Victoria?OpenDocument. Retrieved 11-09-2009.
59. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (25 October 2007). "2006 Census QuickStats: Brisbane (Statistical Division)". 2006 Census QuickStats. http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/LocationSearch?collection=Census&period=2006&areacode=305&producttype=QuickStats&breadcrumb=PL&action=401. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
60. ^ "3218.0 - Regional Population Growth, Australia, 1996 to 2006". Australian Bureau of Statistics. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features31996%20to%202006?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=1996%20to%202006&num=&view=#CAPITAL%20CITY%20GROWTH. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
61. ^ "TAFE Queensland". Queensland Government. http://www.tafe.qld.gov.au/dds/search/browseLocations.do?call_centre_mode=false&externalCallMode=false&breadCrumbsBase=%3Ca+href%3D%22%2F%22+title%3D%22Home%22%3EHome%3C%2Fa%3E&ins_spec=false. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
62. ^ "Education Queensland". Queensland Government. http://education.qld.gov.au/eq/. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
63. ^ "Billboard Loves Brisbane". Music News. Triple J. http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/musicnews/s1838651.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
64. ^ "Beijing, Berlin among music hot spots in 2007". Music News. Reuters. 1 January 2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSN0126189720070102?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
65. ^ "History". Brisbane Festival. http://www.brisbanefestival.com.au/history.html. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
66. ^ "International Market Tourism Facts" (PDF). Tourism Australia. http://www.tourismaustralia.com/content/Research/Factsheets/TopTen_Regions_Dec2006.pdf.
67. ^ ^{a b} Gregory, Helen (2007). Brisbane Then and Now. Wingfield, South Australia: Salamander Books. pp. 140. ISBN 9781741730111.
68. ^ "Cycling in Brisbane". OurBrisbane. http://www.ourbrisbane.com/activeandhealthy/recreation/cycling/. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
69. ^ Eleanor Hall (1 April 2005). "Brisbane keen to bid for 2024 Olympics". The World Today. ABC. http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2005/s1336250.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
70. ^ Brisbane could host Olympics in 2024
71. ^ "Club Info". National Rugby League. http://www.nrl.com/Clubs/Broncos/tabid/10255/default.aspx. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
72. ^ "Origin of State Colours Queensland Maroons & NSW Blues". RL1908. http://www.rl1908.com/Origin/colours.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
73. ^ "Our History". Queensland Rugby Union. http://www.queenslandreds.com.au//qru/qru.rugby/page/62650. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
74. ^ "History". Brisbane Roar FC. http://www.brisbaneroar.com.au/. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
75. ^ "Introduction". Queensland Bulls. http://www.qldcricket.com.au/default.asp?PageID=2. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
76. ^ "All About the Brisbane Lions". Brisbane Lions. http://www.lions.com.au/TheClub/History/BrisbaneLions/tabid/5161/Default.aspx. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
77. ^ "History of Netball Queensland". Netball Queensland. http://www.netballq.org.au/extra.asp?id=78&OrgID=3. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
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86. ^ "About RiverWalk". Brisbane City Council. http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/BCC:STANDARD::pc=PC_1217. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
87. ^ "The upgrade". Gateway Upgrade Project. http://www.gatewayupgradeproject.com.au/asp/index.asp?sid=5&page=upgradeIntro. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
88. ^ Emma Chalmers, Jeremy Pierce and Neil Hickey (8 February 2008). "Queensland Water Commission retain restrictions". The Courier Mail. news.com.au. http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,23178059-952,00.html. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
89. ^ Peter Beattie. "SEQ Will Ave Purified Recycled Water But No Vote: Premier" (Ministerial media statement). Queensland Government. http://statements.cabinet.qld.gov.au/MMS/StatementDisplaySingle.aspx?id=50056. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
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Capital cities of Australia National and ACT Canberra NSW Sydney NT Darwin Qld Brisbane SA Adelaide TAS Hobart VIC Melbourne WA Perth List of cities in Australia

Cities of Queensland, Australia Capital: Brisbane Metropolitan: Gold Coast · Ipswich · Logan · Redcliffe · Caloundra Regional: Bundaberg · Cairns · Charters Towers · Gladstone · Hervey Bay · Mackay · Maryborough · Mount Isa · Rockhampton · Toowoomba · Townsville

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Commonwealth Games host cities 1930: Hamilton • 1934: London • 1938: Sydney • 1950: Auckland • 1954: Vancouver • 1958: Cardiff • 1962: Perth • 1966: Kingston • 1970: Edinburgh • 1974: Christchurch • 1978: Edmonton • 1982: Brisbane • 1986: Edinburgh • 1990: Auckland • 1994: Victoria • 1998: Kuala Lumpur • 2002: Manchester • 2006: Melbourne • 2010: Delhi • 2014: Glasgow • 2018: TBA

Categories: Populated places established in 1824 | Host cities of the Commonwealth Games | Brisbane | Australian capital cities | Coastal cities in Australia

 

 

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